Understanding Color - 959 Words

Since the age of Aristotle, great minds have questioned the various natures of reality: how a concept works and how humans perceive it. The fundamentals of colour were one such mystery. As an unstable property, the secrets of colour have eluded philosophers, artists, and scientists for centuries, until 1666 when Sir Isaac Newton discovered the properties of light. Thanks to visionaries such as Newton, Hermann von Helmholtz, and Georges Seurat modern understanding of colour can be explained in a variety of manners and can now be categorized according to medium. Seperated into ‘light’ and ‘pigment’, colours are viewed as individual entities as their application and combinations create alternate visual features that†¦show more content†¦Though not the socially best example, television is one of the practical applications of pigment primaries in modern society. Colour application in art can best be analyzed in the context of Impressionist Art. Specifically, looking at Neo-Impressionist artist Georges Seurat ( 1859-1891)2 shows the practical applications that colour theory has in a purely artistic context. Chromoluminarism, also known as Pointillism, is a form of painting that is completely composed of ‘dots’ strategically placed in close fashion to create an image. Influenced by Ogden Rood’s book titled ‘Modern Chromatics’ (1879), Seurat created the foremost example of chromoluminarism in current art history: ‘A Sunny Afternoon at the Grande Jatter’ 1886. Apart from the work’s incredible complexity, it demonstrates another concept in the ways humans view colour. Colour is understood as unstable, because of the way it reacts to both quantities of light as well as other colours. Primary and Secondary colours are the foundations of what is known as ‘Complementary colours’ which , on a colour wheel, are opposite one another. Placing complementaries next to, or on top of one another, will visually alter their properties for the viewer, despite the fact that neither colour has changed at all. However, this is not limited to complementary colours; primary, secondary, and tertiary colours can all change properties when coupled with another colour. Seurat utilizes this concept in his workShow MoreRelatedBiological Processing System : Understanding Color And Contrast1792 Words   |  8 PagesBiological Processing System: Understanding Color and Contrast Introduction While interacting with the world, human visual system is perhaps the first and foremost biological process system that directly involves in detecting information. As Colin Ware (2013) noted in Information Visualization, â€Å"We acquire more information through vision than through all of the other senses combined†. 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Mastery and Mystery in Kafka and Borges Free Essays

Kafka’s The Great Wall of China and Borges’ The Library of Babel define infinity through the imagery of an infinite and absolute universe. Both works investigate into the polar relationship between the eternal and omnipotent cosmos (i.e. We will write a custom essay sample on Mastery and Mystery in Kafka and Borges or any similar topic only for you Order Now the Library in Borges and the Great Wall in Kafka) and the finite and imperfect individual (that is, the librarian in Borges and the wall builder in Kafka). Both authors see the universe as an â€Å"infinitely expanding turbulent stream† (Emrich, 38); a domain which is anything but calculable, let alone intelligible. The infinite universe is a glaring paradox as well. It creates and destroys, liberate and restraint. In the words of David Krenz, infinity as manifested in the eternal cosmos â€Å"acts as both a fault which ‘confounds’ all metaphors which seek mastery—one source of those indeterminacies which prove so problematic—as well as a force which is potentially salvific.† Indeed, the universe’s duplicitous orientation is both boon and bane. It houses all-meanings and no-meanings; all-truths and no-truths. It functions as an all-god and no-god. It is totalitarian (considering the extinction of the individual); and yet in that it seeks to provide a room and definition for all codes, it is a democratic entity. The labyrinthine universe (or the universal labyrinth) is aptly illustrated in Borges essay, The Total Library. Using principles akin to that in the Library of Babel, he writes of how the universe signifies the totality of beings— the absolute and consummate, one can even say the logos which fortunately or unfortunately, is entirely inaccessible: â€Å"†¦ but for every sensible line and or accurate fact there would be millions of meaningless cacophonies, verbal farragoes and babblings. † (216). The elusiveness of the Word manifests â€Å"the semiotic slippage which occurs between the sign and that which it represents† (Krenz). The result is a fluidity of values and the dissolution of linguistic and ontological boundaries and binaries. Hence, Borges Library of Babel is never a mechanism of institutionalization and codification. Being otherwise would weaken the universe/ library—that is, it would become finite, exhaustible, subject to the librarian’s comprehension and control. As the librarian-narrator puts it, he who has come across â€Å"the formula and perfect compendium† of the Library is a â€Å"Man of the Book†, â€Å"analogous to a god†.   The Library is an impregnable mystery which thrives (or prey?) on the librarian’s perplexity: â€Å"For four centuries now men have exhausted the hexagons†¦.Obviously no one expects to discover anything. † Borges reiterates the point when he writes of the librarians’ futile search for the â€Å"Vindication†, a source of â€Å"apology and prophecy†, in other words, justification, what could have been an antidote to their disembodiment: â€Å"†¦ the searchers did not remember that the possibility of a man’s finding his Vindication, or some treacherous variation thereof, can be computed as zero.† â€Å"The absence of a â€Å"catalogue of catalogues†, a â€Å"general theory of the Library† makes the Library a virtual Babel, the site of linguistic and intellectual contestation and creation, of pandemonium. Codes are never deciphered for to begin with, they do not exist. Seeming unique configurations of meanings are nothing but imitations, while imitations turn out to be diverse and entirely different versions of the originals (or more appropriately, pseudo and quasi-originals, that is,   if such exist). â€Å"The thinker observed that all the books, no matter how diverse they might be, are made up of the same elements: the space, the period, the comma, and the twenty-two letters of the alphabet† and yet, Borges is quick to remind, â€Å"there are no two identical books†. But Babel equals power, immensity and inexhaustibility. It is a â€Å"delirious god† with a schizophrenic nature: it â€Å"not only denounces the disorder but exemplify it as well.† Babel allows for the free play of codes or â€Å"catalogues†. It spells the perpetual arrangement, re-arrangement, disarrangement; interpretation, re-interpretation, misinterpretation; delineation and obliteration of meanings—what to the tragically curious and insatiable librarian is no less than a vicious cycle of symbols’ birth, death, resurrection and reincarnation: â€Å"thousands and thousands of false catalogues, the demonstration of the fallacy of those catalogues, the demonstration of the fallacy of the true catalogues†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Ad infinitum. The effect is a prevailing atmosphere of incompleteness: â€Å"The light (the lamps) emit is insufficient, incessant† another manifestation of the Library’s inaccessibility and inconceivability. Thus, the individual, perpetually searching but never finding, is a premature organism. The yawning gap between the â€Å"delirious divinity† and the mortal pawn (who is delirious just the same) is highlighted: â€Å"Man, the imperfect librarian, may be the product of chance and malevolent demiurgi; the universe, with its elegant endowment of shelves, of enigmatical volumes, of inexhaustible stairways for the traveler and the latrine for the seated librarian can only be the work of a god.† Borges could have said â€Å"gods†. Critic Wilhelm Emrich writes: â€Å"†¦when life opens up all of its sluices†¦ and the whole of existence comes into view undisguised, no protective order whatever, no determining ‘law’ can be recognized any longer. Hence man can no longer ‘live’†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (38). The librarian’s inability to exist consummately in the face of infinity reduces him to a fluid, nearly imaginary entity. His individuality, his last resort for a unique and concrete configuration of meanings (that is, the meaning of his existence) is gobbled up by the universal black hole of memory, mind and being. Apparently the death (physical and intellectual) of a librarian hardly makes a dent in the invincible mystery, which remains and will remain, unknown and unknowable, everything and nothing: â€Å"The certitude that everything has been written negates us or turns us into phantoms†¦.   but the Library will endure: illuminated, solitary, infinite, perfectly motionless, equipped with precious volumes, useless, incorruptible, secret.† The immortality of the Library and the mortality of the librarian coincides with immensity of the collective (and manifestations of collective effort) and the infinitesimal nature of the individual in Kafka’s Great Wall. Here the collective refers not so much to the mob per se, the individual in no better disguise, the empirical quality of which makes it subject to the natural cycle of demise and change. The collective in Kafka is the summation of essences permanent, the universe, particularly the Chinese cosmos. As with the infinite Library of Borges, the cosmos/ collective in Kafka defies and dictates physical and metaphysical time and space. The collective/ cosmos is empirically and metaphysically manifested by the empire (â€Å"immortal while the individual emperor falls and collapses†) and the Great Wall the immensity of which is a badge of power tantamount to infinity. Observes the narrator-builder: â€Å"The land is so huge, it would not permit (the nomads) to reach us. They would lose themselves in empty air.† The protection provided by the Great Wall is also metaphorical. Its function as political and moral center; what even at the beginning is seen as an assured confirmation of the endurance of the race, makes it a stable and unifying code for all-people (that is, the Chinese from time immemorial to the unimaginable and impossible end). This protective barrier is no different to what Emrich sees as the â€Å"customary existence†, the figurative footing outside which lies the â€Å"the conflicting powers that are open to countless interpretations†¦ that continuously ‘correct’ each other† (38). Outside the Great Wall lurks the Enemy— chaos and barbarity which in Kafkaesque terms translate to â€Å"the lawlessness of the human world†¦ the deterioration of values† (39). The assertion, though, is not without trapdoors. In qualifying the Great Wall as a symbol of the Chinese master code, a â€Å"dis-order† (Emrich, 39), (illusory but a code nonetheless) defeats its immunity, not to mention its infinity. A political and cultural parameter responsible for the delineation of spatial and metaphysical boundaries, to the Chinese, the Great Wall is imperial omnipotence in brick and mortar. Its construction is the beginning of â€Å"true† history, the birth of a â€Å"real† people. The Wall provides the palette for the re-creation and correcting of past values: â€Å"†¦and everything else was recognized only to the extent that it had some relationship (to masonry).† The narrator-builder adds how knowledge attained before the construction of the wall suddenly becomes anachronistic and useless. In this sense, what redeems the Wall from deteriorating into a false god is that it paves the way for the creation of a permanent collective, a people whose unity spans time and the absolute. What is infinite in the Wall is perhaps not so much the structure (which will inevitably succumb to decay) but the spirit, the inexhaustible faith infused in it. The builders â€Å"had a sense of themselves as part of the wall.† The impatience and hopelessness brought about by the Herculean task is more than enough to dampen the builder’s drive, making lose â€Å"faith in themselves, in the building and in the world.† In all respects the Great Wall looks forward to the future. Its consummation is meant to be witnessed by those to come. Yet as the narrator-builder emphasizes, the continuum of brotherhood is eternal: â€Å"Unity! †¦blood no longer confined in the limited circulation of the body but rolling sweetly and yet still returning through the infinite extent of China.† The values enclosed within the (Chinese) universe represented by the Wall is far from stagnant and clear-cut, though. Kafka uses the imagery of the â€Å"leadership† to portray the perpetual motion of signs and values. In this reservoir of meanings, the individual as signified by the singular identity of the leaders is obliterated (hence, the pluralistic connotation of the word leadership). Says the narrator-builder:†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦where it was or who sat there no one I asked knows or knew— in this office I imagine that all human thoughts and wishes revolve in a circle, and all human aims and fulfillments in a circle going in opposite direction.† Quite understandably, the leadership defies history and time: it â€Å"existed even earlier.† Divine, the leadership is inaccessible to the finite mind. As the narrator puts it, â€Å"Try with all your powers to understand the orders of the leadership, but only up to a certain limit—then stop thinking about them.† So powerful is the â€Å"leadership† that even the Emperor is stripped of his regality and reduced to his frail and transient self when compared with it. The builders are masters of their own â€Å"truth†: â€Å"†¦the admirable innocent emperor believed he had given orders for (the Wall). We who are builders of the Wall knew otherwise and are silent.† Works Cited Borges, Jorge Luis. â€Å"The Total Library.† Selected non-fiction. Ed. Eliot Weinberger. Trans. Esther Allen et al. New York: Penguin Books, 1999. 214-216. The Library of Babel. 8 December 2007. http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jatill/175/libraryf.htm. Emrich, William. Franz Kafka: a critical study of his writings. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing, 1968. Kafka, Franz. The Great Wall of China. Trans. Ian Johnston. 23 March 2006. Johnstonia. 8 December 2007. http://www.mala.bc.ca/~Johnstoi/kafka. Krenz, David Christoph. Metaphors for/in infinity: The parables of Kafka, Borges and Calvino.   (Abstract). Milwaukee: University of Wisconsin Press, 1992. How to cite Mastery and Mystery in Kafka and Borges, Essay examples

Leadership Business Responsibilities

Question: Describe about the Report for Leadership of Business Responsibilities. Answer: Introduction The paper is mainly demonstrating the role and responsibilities of a leader in an organization. In this case, Mr. Sexton, president of New York University has been chosen for the analysis purpose. A case study has been given on this individual and his perception and activities for the university (Baskerville, De Marco, Spagnoletti, 2013). Lots of arguments and misconceptions are there on his job description and role. Through this overall paper different circumstances and their impacts on role could be observed. Main Analysis of the paper Mr. Sexton has been in this field for a long period of time. Trustees and other associations have strong support towards Mr. Sexton, but faculties dont have any kind of faith and support towards this individual. Different types of theories have been used for justifying the overall case study. Politics: Politics is the part of any kind of organizational activities. Multiple theories are there to justify the organizational politics. Pfeffers model depicts that leaders must have to focus on the goal of the business rather personal benefits of other individual. On the basis of that Mr. Sexton is right in his place, but he might be wrong on the basis of game theory of politics. By the virtue of this theory each of the stakeholders must have to be given right kind of respect and opportunity (Ehin, 2009). Job description: Governing body or respective members of an organization must have to focus on the appropriate person or individual for managing the overall operation. In this case perception and support of trustee has showed that they fully trust Mr. Sexton and his decision. They enhance the salary of president as they think Mr. Sexton can change the face of the organization (Hamm, 1991). Stakeholder theory is also important for any organization. According to this theory, each of the organizational stakeholders must have to be given priority in decision making process. If this case study is considered then stakeholder theory is not followed as Mr. Sexton has the highest right and role in decision making process. Example could be drawn from the expansion of new building of NYU. Most of the faculties didnt agree with the expansion proposal, but trustee supported the words of Sexton. Leaders are the prime backbone of the business context. By their hard work and decisions an organization could be able to expand to the larger platform. In this case Mr. John Sexton has played the role of leader as president in NYU. Halol devil effect is one of the important factors for the organizational management. After studying the case study it could be said that Mr. Sexton creates this Halol devil effect and due to this issue faculties of the university are disturbed with his decision making capabilities. According to Mr. Ronald, compliance theory is also associated with multiple factors and aspects. Through these understandings it could be said that Mr. President has always been focusing on the command instead of co-operation (Golembiewski, 2000). Theory states that command is sometime harmful or sometime beneficial for the business process. Same things have been happened in this case. In this case decisions of Sexton harmed the overall situation of the university, but his com mand and principle could lead the organization towards betterment. Multiple theories and principles are there regarding the resistance and its effect on the organizational change management process. The paper is highlighting the role and responsibilities of Mr. Sexton in the case of organizational management. According to the authors and past researchers, resistance could be raised from different parameters. It could be raised due to decisions of leader or through the system of the business (Lomi Harrison, 2012). After having the report it could be said that decisions of Sexton has been playing crucial role in organizational change. Most of the faculties dont support his decision as they think Sexton doesnt bother about any faculty member. On the contradictory, it could also be said that decisions of sexton has the power to omit all those obstacles. Incrementalism theory relies on the interconnections and mutual understandings of the respective members of the organization. Functionalities of Mr. Sexton cannot be matched with this theory as he doesnt want to take decisions by sharing with faculty members. Due to this issue a voting was raised in the University (Ohle Morley, 1994). These types of decision making process could harm the overall organizational culture and it can badly impact on the ethical dilemmas of the business. On the basis of ethical theory, functionalities of Sexton is suitable for business, but he doesnt have any right to stop the thinking right of staffs. Commitment and dedication, both are significant terms in the case of organizational process. Hopefully, Mr. Sexton has been carrying these qualities, but he must have to maintain a good attitude towards the other supporting members. From the case scenario of the New York Universitys Great Leadership, a contradiction has been raised regarding opening a new campus. Trustees are in favor of him but for faculties he is taking a wring decision. While expressing his Personality in Decision Making Skill, it has been evaluated that he always stick to his decision and it is proven that he decision is helping in growth of new projects. With the help of the psychometric factors like Behavioral Theory, Personality in Decision Making Skill can be presented. In accordance with N.Y.Us trustee, Dr. Sexton has good record of taking an effective decision for the universities (Halaychik, 2016). With the help of the decisions of Dr. Sexton, the university is able to sustain its position in the competitive international market. Along with that, the decision making skills of Dr. Sexton is praise worthy as his stewardship has been magnificent impact on the growth of the university. Though faculty is not agreeing with trustee, still Dr . Sexton is adamant in his decision. From these characteristics of Dr. Saxton, it has been analyzed that as he is sure about his decision so he is following autocratic leadership style. Dr. Sexton is not ready to hear any kind of second thoughts of the faculty. In accordance with the autocratic leadership style, he has only focused on his decision only. Even in the e-mail of Dr. Sexton, he has depicted politely that the decision is going to take for the betterment of the university; therefore, he is going to open a new campus in any way and this is going to be done in coming winter recess. Autocratic leadership style is under the Behavioral Theory and the obstinate behavior is showing that Dr. Sexton follows this style in order to incorporate his work. With the help of the Five Factor Model, the openness to experiences of Dr. Sexton is going to be analyzed. This trait of the renowned president helps in winning achievements for universities. He has record of taking right decisions and implements those decisions in the practical fields. It is a cognitive exploration of the inner experience of Dr. Sexton (Haddad Shepherd, 2011). The personality traits of the president are so noteworthy and it has direct association with the creativity. Here personality of Dr. Sexton is depending on the imagination, preference for variety, aesthetic sensitivity, alternative to inner feelings and intellectual curiosity. All these psychometric factors of Dr. Sexton are correlated while openness to experience. Socio psychology is exploring the way in which Dr. Sexton is dealing with the people of different social stature. Due to his rhetorical skills in conveying his thoughts to the others and trying to project his decision is the virtuous one. Among the several other theories on Socio psychological, president has focused on the Self-Perception Theory (LaPiere Farnsworth, 2002). With the help of the theory, he is focused on his own perception regarding the decision of opening a new campus. He perceived that this decision can be beneficial for N.Y.U so he sticks to his decision. In terms of making ethical decision, it can be said that Dr. Sexton has nor followed any ethical factors as he is imposing his own decision on other. He disobeys the decision of faculties and others and engrosses with his own decision (Ferrell, et al, 2005). The value and culture of ethical decision making cannot be obeyed by Dr. Sexton. Risk factor is always attached with this type of activity. Risks must have to be omitted in an efficient and effective manner. Decision making and attitude of Mr. Sexton might be harmful for the organization. The organization has been here by the support of efficient teachers and lecturers. If they will be harmed in a continuous manner, then they might move to another university. In that case organization might face problems due to the lack of competency. Conclusion Through the overall discussion overall understanding of the matter could be done. In this case role and responsibilities of Mr. Sexton has been judged and his characteristics can be justified. On a diplomatic point of view it could be said that Mr. Sexton is an ideal change maker for the NYU, but he is not the right person for managing the people. References Ferrell, O., Fraedrich, J., Ferrell, L. (2005).Business ethics. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. Haddad, M. Shepherd, B. (2011).Managing openness. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Halaychik, C. (2016).Lessons in library leadership. [Place of publication not identified]: Chandos Pub (Oxford) Ltd. LaPiere, R. Farnsworth, P. (1942).Social psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc. Baskerville, R., De Marco, M., Spagnoletti, P. (2013).Designing organizational systems. Berlin: Springer. Ehin, C. (2009).The organizational sweet spot. Dordrecht: Springer. Golembiewski, R. (2000).Handbook of organizational consultation. New York: Marcel Dekker. Hamm, R. (1991). Selection of verbal probabilities: A solution for some problems of verbal probability expression.Organizational Behavior And Human Decision Processes,48(2), 193-223. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90012-i Kato, A. (1977). Solution of Morita's problems concerning countably-compact-ifications.General Topology And Its Applications,7(1), 77-87. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-660x(77)90010-1 Lomi, A. Harrison, J. (2012).The garbage can model of organizational choice. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Mende, F. (2014). Problems of Lorentz Force and Its Solution.International Journal Of Physics,2(6), 211-216. https://dx.doi.org/10.12691/ijp-2-6-5 Ohle, N. Morley, C. (1994).How to Solve Typical School Problems. Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Toch, H. Grant, J. (2005).Police as problem solvers. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.